Hardware-enforced spatial and temporal isolation techniques preventing noisy neighbor interference between mixed-criticality virtual machines.
In dual-stage MMU architectures, the guest operating system controls Stage-1 page tables (virtual to intermediate physical address), but the hypervisor enforces Stage-2 page tables (intermediate physical to true physical address). An untrusted guest kernel cannot bypass or modify its assigned memory bounds.
Even with strict memory address isolation, high-volume memory bus activity from a graphics VM can degrade execution latency in safety partitions. Hypervisors apply cache coloring or Arm MPAM to allocate dedicated L3 cache slices and throttle non-critical memory bus transactions when safety thresholds are reached.